1. Introduction:

Rice is a staple food crop for more than half of the worlds’ population. More than 90 per cent of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia. The rice plays a vital role in our national food security and is a means of livelihood for millions of rural households. Wherever rice is cultivated, it becomes integrate to the economic, social, cultural and religious lives of the associated populations. In India, rice is grown over 1.5 billion hectare area and 30.5 million tonnes production, an average grain yield 1296 kg/h (Anon, 2010). Only insect pests cause 20.7% loss of rice (Oerke et al., 1994).

Leptocoryza varicornis is commonly known as Gundhi bug, generally distributed throughout India but is more prevalent in Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and southern states. It is an active greenish-yellow insect with long legs and characteristic buggy odour. The adult measures about an inch in length (Srivastav and Saxena, 1967). They infest paddy crops in large number when it comes to flower. With their sucking mouth parts they suck out the milk from the newly formed grains which soon shrivel. The stalk remains quite sound but without grains. The loss caused to paddy by this pest varies from 5 to 25 %. This pest is more common during July to November. During winter their breeding rate is lowered much and the adults manage to tide over the cold on several species of grasses. On paddy it has five broods during the season (Grist and Lever, 1969; Gunawardena 1994).

The chemical fertilizers disturbed the organic matter cycling, soil fertility and productivity at certain level (Gupta, 2005). The application of chemical fertilizers over a long period has resulted in poor soil health, production, and increase pest incidences and disease (Ansari and Ismail 2001). Synthetic pesticides are very effective against target insect pest but also eliminate the non-target beneficial organisms (Roach and Hopkins, 1981). Due to abundant and continuous use of synthetic pesticides, insects not only develop resistance against it but also they are expensive and have adverse effect on human health and environment (Balk and Koeman, 1984; Roush and Tabashnik, 1990). Some plant products also have insecticidal and acaricidal properties compete with synthetic pesticides (Hedin and Hollingworth, 1997). Plants have potential to produce a wide range of allelo-chemicals that protect the plants from insect-pests. These biological product obtain from botanical plants and different waste products are safer in pest control programmes as well wastes management and may prevents ill effects of synthetic products (Rajasckaran and Kumarswamy, 1985).

The aim of the present study was to observe combined effect of vermiwash obtained from municipal solid wastes and livestock’s excreta wastes with different biopesticides on the flowering, productivity and Leptocoryza varicornis infestation of rice crop.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2.1. Collection of wastes

Municipal solid wastes were collected from the local municipality. Animal wastes viz. cow, buffalo, horse and goat dung was collected from different farm houses of Gorakhpur city. Municipal solid wastes and different animal dung (cow, buffalo, goat, and horse dung) were sprayed in layer of about 1-2 feet. This was sprinkled with water and also exposed to the sunlight for 5 to 10 days to remove the various harmful organisms and noxious gases.

2.2. Collection of earthworms

The epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida were cultured in the Vermiculture Research Laboratories, Department of Zoology, D.D.U Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP India. The collected earthworms were reared in laboratory condition, temperature ranging 20-30°C with proper aeration. The moisture was maintained up to 40-60% RH for proper growth and survival of earthworms (Nath et al., 2009).

2.3. Method of vermicomposting

The vermicomposting was conducted on cemented earth surface by the method of Nath et al (2009). Different combinations of animal dung with municipal solid wastes were prepared as in 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratio (w/w). The size of each vermibed was 1m.x1m.x9cm. After formation of vermibed, it was moist and inoculated with 1 kg of E. fetida in each bed. The beds were covered with discarded jute packet and the bed was moistened daily for up to 40 to 50 days to maintain the proper moisture content. The mixture of bed was manually turned upto 3 weeks at one week interval. After 50 to 60 days, granular tea like vermicompost appears on the upper surface of the beds.

2.4. Extraction of vermiwash

Vermiwash was extracted from a vermiwash collecting device by the method of Ismail (1997). The apparatus was made from a plastic or metal drum having capacity of 2-L and a outlet tap at the bottom of the drum filled with broken bricks to about 3 cm thickened which is followed by sand layer of 2-3 cm thickness. The vermicompost with large earthworms population and freshwater were filled in collecting device and left 12h. Simultaneously a container kept below for the collection of dropped vermiwash. The colour of vermiwash ranged from yellowish to black.

2.5. Collection and preparation of biopesticides

2.5.1. Neem oil

Neem oil consisted of 0.03% azadirachtine, 90.57% neem oil, and 5.0% hydroxyle, 0.50% epichlorohydrine, and 3.9% Aromax (Multiplex Agricare Pvt. Ltd., City, India).

2.5.2. Garlic extract

Aqueous extract of garlic was obtained from an Allium sativum bulb. A prepared aqueous extract (10 g/100 ml) (w/v) was mixed with diluted VW in a 1: 10 ratio.

2.5.3. Custard apple

Leaves were collected from the plant of custard apple (Annona squamosa). It is a native of South America and West Indies. A prepared aqueous extract (10 g/100 ml) (w/v) of leaves was mixed with diluted VW in a 1: 10 ratio.

2.6. Experimental Design

Measurement of flowering period, productivity and pest infestation were performed in the experimental field of Vermiculture Research Centre, Department of Zoology and D.D.U Gorakhpur University. Seeds of rice (Oryza sativa) – Saryu-52 are directly sown in the nursery field and paddy plants were transferred in the experimental field. On the appearance of flower, the date was noted for all the crops sown/planted. After harvesting of crop per cent pest infestation and productivity (kg/m²) were observed.

2.7. Chemical analysis

The pH was determined by using a double distilled water suspension of each waste in the ratio of 1:10 (w/v) that has been agitated mechanically for 30 minutes and filtered through Whatmann’s No.1 filter paper, total organic carbon (TOC) measured by the method of Nelson and Sommer, (1982). Total Khjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) determined after digesting the sample with conc. H₂S0₄ and conc. HClO₄, (9:1 v/v) according to the method of Bremner and Mulvaney (1982). Total available Phosphorus (TAP) analyzed using the colorimetric method with molybdenum in sulfuric acid and total potassium (TK) was determined after digesting the sample in diacid mixture conc. HNO₃, conc. HClO₄, 4:1 (v/v) by flame photometer (Garg et al., 2005).

2.8. Statistical Analysis

All experiments were replicated six times. Significant variance (p<0.05) determined by three way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied in between the different treatments, animal dungs and different pesticides (Sokal and Rohlf, 1973).

3. RESULTS:

The binary combination of vermiwash with biopesticide viz neem (Azadirachta indica) oil, aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) and leaves extract of custard apple (Annona squamosa) caused a significant (P<.0.05) reduction in pest infestation which ultimately increase the yield. The significant reduction in number of Leptocoryza varicornis population was observed after spraying of vermiwash with biopesticides (Table 1-4). The different combinations of vermiwash with garlic extract caused maximum reduction in Leptocoryza varicornis population while neem oil with vermiwash caused complete removal of Leptocoryza varicornis population (Table 1). The complete removal of pest infestation was observed when vermiwash of buffalo dung with municipal solid wastes (2:1) was used with neem oil with respect to all other vermiwash with biopesticides combinations.

Table 1. Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of buffalo (BD) dung with municipal solid wastes (MSW) with annona leaf extract, garlic bulb extract and neem oil on flowering, productivity of rice plant and per cent pest infestation of Leptocoryza varicornis. Plants were sprayed twice, 20 and 30 days after plantation.

Particulars	Ratios	Days of initiation of flowering	Productivity (kg/m²)	Pest infested (%) after harvesting
Control	--	82.42±0.17	0.327±0.018	39.57±0.76
MSW	--	76.78±0.49	0.523±0.026	15.87±0.50
BD	--	66.58±0.48	0.732±0.018	12.25±0.40
BD+ MSW	1:1	65.37±0.19	0.782±0.014	11.85±0.37
	1:2	63.76±0.17	0.807±0.023	10.65±0.26
	2:1	62.15±0.10	0.812±0.018	9.68±0.19
MSW+A	--	76.16±0.49	0.584±0.026	14.87±0.50
BD+A	--	65.78±0.48	0.745±0.018	12.68±0.40
BD+ MSW+A	1:1	64.76±0.19	0.798±0.014	11.48±0.37
	1:2	62.94±0.17	0.837±0.023	9.32± 0.26
	2:1	61.56±0.10	0.854±0.018	6.84±0.19
MSW+G	--	75.84±0.49	0.628±0.026	18.65±0.50
BD+G	--	65.13±0.48	0.787±0.018	9.68±0.40
BD+ MSW+G	1:1	63.29±0.19	0.832±0.014	8.82±0.37
	1:2	62.25±0.17	0.858±0.023	5.68±0.26
	2:1	60.76±0.10	0.876±0.018	2.56±0.19
MSW+N	--	74.68±0.49	0.643±0.026	16.85±0.50
BD+N	--	64.56±0.48	0.793±0.018	6.58± 0.40
BD+ MSW+N	1:1	62.68±0.19	0.856±0.014	5.84± 0.37
	1:2	61.73±0.17	0.887±0.023	4.87± 0.26
	2:1	59.72±0.10	0.932±0.018	NIL

BD= Buffalo dung, MSW= Municipal solid wastes, A= Annona leaf extract, G= Garlic bulb extract, N= neem oil. Each value is the mean ± SE of six replicate.

Table 2. Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of cow (CD) dung with municipal solid wastes (MSW) with annona leaf extract, garlic bulb extract and neem oil on flowering, productivity of rice plant and per cent pest infestation of Leptocoryza varicornis. Plants were sprayed twice, 20 and 30 days after plantation.

Particulars Ratios Days of initiation Productivity Pest infested (%) of flowering (kg/m²) after harvesting

Control -- 82.42±0.17 0.327±0.018 39.57±0.76

MSW -- 76.78±0.49 0.523±0.026 15.87±0.50

CD -- 71.38±0.49 6.985±0.025 12.87±0.40

CD+ MSW 1:1 68.32±0.17 0.738±0.018 12.03±0.35

1:2 67.28±0.21 0.784±0.024 11.65±0.34

2:1 66.14±0.31 0.798±0.035 10.54±0.17

MSW+A -- 76.16±0.49 0.584±0.026 14.87±0.50

CD+A -- 70.68±0.49 0.735±0.025 13.02±0.40

CD+ MSW+A 1:1 67.58±0.17 0.796±0.018 12.31±0.35

1:2 65.27±0.21 0.824±0.024 10.28±0.34

2:1 64.84±0.31 0.876±0.035 9.45± 0.17

MSW+G -- 75.84±0.49 0.628±0.026 18.65±0.50

CD+G -- 69.27±0.49 0.746±0.025 9.68±0.40

CD+ MSW+G 1:1 68.76±0.17 0.827±0.018 8.82±0.35

1:2 64.87±0.21 0.863±0.024 5.68±0.34

2:1 63.75±0.31 0.896±0.035 2.56±0.17

MSW+N -- 74.68±0.49 0.643±0.026 16.85±0.50

CD+N -- 68.76±0.49 0.853±0.025 6.82± 0.40

CD+ MSW+N 1:1 68.03±0.17 0.847±0.018 5.98± 0.35

1:2 64.21±0.21 0.896±0.024 4.65±0.34

2:1 63.19±0.31 0.915±0.035 2.21± 0.17

CD= Cow dung, MSW= Municipal solid wastes, A= Annona leaf extract, G= Garlic bulb extract, N= neem oil. Each value is the mean ± SE of six replicates.

Table 3. Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of goat (GD) dung with municipal solid wastes (MSW) with annona leaf extract, garlic bulb extract and neem oil on flowering, productivity of rice plant and per cent pest infestation of Leptocoryza varicornis. Plants were sprayed twice, 20 and 30 days after plantation.

Particulars Ratios Days of initiation Productivity Pest infested (%) of flowering (kg/m²) after harvesting

Control -- 82.42±0.17 0.327±0.018 39.57±0.76

MSW -- 76.78±0.49 0.523±0.026 15.87±0.50

GD -- 75.23±0.97 0.652±0.036 14.68±0.47

GD+ MSW 1:1 74.48±0.27 0.682±0.011 13.65±0.37

1:2 73.82±1.52 0.713±0.013 13.02±0.28

2:1 72.14±0.27 0.748±0.010 12.68±0.20

MSW+A -- 76.16±0.49 0.584±0.026 14.87±0.50

GD+A -- 74.48±0.97 0.674±0.036 13.25±0.47

GD+ MSW+A 1:1 73.42±0.27 0.713±0.011 12.54±0.37

1:2 72.64±1.52 0.738±0.013 11.58±0.28

2:1 71.78±0.27 0.776±0.010 10.48±0.20

MSW+G -- 75.84±0.49 0.628±0.026 18.65±0.50

GD+G -- 73.87±0.97 0.696±0.036 12.63±0.47

GD+ MSW+G 1:1 72.56±0.27 0.728±0.011 11.21±0.37

1:2 71.84±1.52 0.756±0.013 9.85± 0.28

2:1 70.37±0.27 0.795±0.010 8.72± 0.20

MSW+N -- 74.68±0.49 0.643±0.026 16.85±0.50

GD+N -- 72.26±0.97 0.736±0.036 11.48±0.47

GD+ MSW+N 1:1 71.69±0.27 0.747±0.011 9.68± 0.37

1:2 70.87±1.52 0.787±0.013 8.32± 0.28

2:1 69.63±0.27 0.826±0.010 7.58± 0.20

GD= Goat dung, MSW= Municipal solid wastes, A= Annona leaf extract, G= Garlic bulb extract, N= neem oil. Each value is the mean ± SE of six replicates.

Table 4. Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of horse (HD) dung with municipal solid wastes (MSW) with annona leaf extract, garlic bulb extract and neem oil on flowering, productivity of rice plant and per cent pest infestation of Leptocoryza varicornis. Plants were sprayed twice, 20 and 30 days after plantation.

Particulars Ratios Days of initiation Productivity Pest infested (%) of flowering (kg/m²) after harvesting

Control -- 82.42±0.17 0.327±0.018 39.57±0.76

MSW -- 76.78±0.49 0.523±0.026 15.87±0.50

HD -- 67.24±0.51 0.748±0.021 13.78±0.48

HD+ MSW 1:1 61.25±0.27 0.778±0.018 13.02±0.38

1:2 60.38±0.18 0.803±0.021 12.54±0.32

2:1 58.53±0.07 0.818±0.023 11.65±0.24

MSW+A -- 76.16±0.49 0.584±0.026 14.87±0.50

HD+A -- 66.58±0.51 0.763±0.021 13.67±0.48

HD+ MSW+A 1:1 60.86±0.27 0.794±0.018 13.24±0.38

1:2 59.08±0.18 0.815±0.021 11.79±0.32

2:1 57.86±0.07 0.826±0.023 10.78±0.24

MSW+G -- 75.84±0.49 0.628±0.026 18.65±0.50

HD+G -- 65.62±0.51 0.787±0.021 11.78±0.48

HD+ MSW+G 1:1 61.24±0.27 0.812±0.018 10.84±0.38

1:2 68.46±0.18 0.837±0.021 9.62± 0.32

2:1 57.08±0.07 0.849±0.023 8.72± 0.24

MSW+N -- 74.68±0.49 0.643±0.026 16.85±0.50

HD+N -- 64.86±0.51 0.796±0.021 10.54±0.48

HD+ MSW+N 1:1 60.72±0.27 0.837±0.018 9.12± 0.38

1:2 67.78±0.18 0.846±0.021 8.62± 0.32

2:1 56.82±0.07 0.876±0.023 6.48± 0.24

HD= Horse dung, MSW= Municipal solid wastes, A= Annona leaf extract, G= Garlic bulb extract, N= neem oil. Each value is the mean ± SE of six replicates.

Summary of computation of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the data of Table 1-4

Source of variation	Flowering					Productivity kg/m²
Components	D.F.	S.S.	Variance (s²)	F-value	P	D.F	S.S.	Variance (s²)	F-value	P
Between 6 Treatment	5	4553.17	910.634	134.77	0.01	5	3.0591	0.6118	845.751	0.01
Between 4 Animal	3	791.48	263.825	39.05	0.01	3	0.0544	0.0181	25.060	0.01
Between 4 Pesticide	3	27.79	9.263	1.37	0.05	3	0.0754	0.0251	34.756	0.01
Residual variation	84	567.58	6.757			84	0.0608	0.0007
Total	95	7363.95				95	6227.38

Source of variation	Percentage of pod infested after
Components	D.F.	S.S.	Variance (s²)	F-value	P
Between 6 Treatment	5	11528.84	2305.77	697.21	0.01
Between 4 Animal	3	87.31	29.10	8.80	0.01
Between 4 Pesticide	3	169.33	56.44	17.07	0.01
Residual variation	84	277.80	3.307
Total	95	8334.43

Earliest flowering (58.53 days) of rice was observed after spray of vermiwash of horse dung with MSW (2:1 ratio) singly and in binary combination the earliest flowering was observed when vermiwash of horse dung with MSW (2:1 ratio) was used with neem oil extract with respect to all the used combination of vermiwash with biopesticides. In this combination the flowering period was observed 56.82 days. Analysis of variance of the data revealed that the foliar spray of vermiwash obtained from different combinations of animal dung with MSW significantly increased the productivity of rice plants. Maximum productivity (0.818 kg/m²) of rice was observed after spray of vermiwash of horse dung with MSW (2:1) singly. Overall used four biopesticides, maximum productivity (0.932 kg/m²) was observed when vermiwash of cow dung with MSW (2:1 ratio) was used with neem oil with respect to all the combination of vermiwash with biopesticides used (Table 1-4).

4. DISCUSSION:

It is evident from result that the binary combination of vermiwash of different animal dung and municipal solid wastes with biopesticides eg. neem (Azadirachata indica) oil, aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) and leaf extract of custard apple (Annona squamosa) have significant (P<0.05) effect on early flowering and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa) as well as reduction in pest infestation of Leptocoryza varicornis. Neem extract obtained from different parts have bio-active compound Azadirachtin, a limnoid (Tri-terpenoid) potent anti-feedant ,growth regulator, antifungal, bactericidal, antiviral effect on animals (Wondafrash,2012; Champagne,1992). Fresh garlic extract have major component of diallyl di-sulphide and diallyl tri-sulphide which have antagonistic properties against pest of economic importance such as potato tuber, red cotton bug, red palm weevil, houseflies and mosquitoes (Amonker and Banerji,1971).Garlic produces a pungent alliaceous compound, allyl-epropyldisulphide, which may be responsible for its pest repellent characteristic. The insecticidal activity of seed extract of Annona squamosa was due to the presence of annonins (i.e. annonine I= Squamocin), adjacent to bis-tetra hydrofeuron (THF) ring acetogenins (Sahani, 1994). The different combinations of vermiwash with garlic extract caused maximum reduction in Leptocoryza varicornis population while neem oil with vermiwash caused complete removal of Leptocoryza varicornis population. Lowest infestation of rice was observed after spray of neem oil caused complete removal of pest from rice crop which was supported by the finding of Ponnusamy (2003) and Basavaraj Ashokappa (2011) who reported reduction in bug population by application of neem based biopesticides. Earliest flowering in rice crop was observed after spray of vermiwash of horse dung with MSW (2:1 ratio) and with biopesticides vermiwash of horse dung and MSW with neem oil caused earliest flowering. Muthukumaravel et al. (2008) have reported that the NPK value were maximum in compost obtained from vegetable wastes with the use of cow dung which probably responsible for well growth and number of flower of plants. Large amount of TKN and TP causes early flowering in Daucus Carota and tomato plant (Mascolo et al., 1999; Satpal and Saimbhi, 2003). The maximum productivity of rice was observed when vermiwash of cow dung with MSW (2:1 ratio) was used with neem oil with respect to all the combination of vermiwash with biopesticides. foliar spray of vermiwash of municipal solid wastes increase the macronutrient in plant body and macronutrient play important role in crop yield based on their role in activation of enzyme for chlorophyll synthesis, growth, fruit ripening and maintenance of plants enzyme (Astaraei and Ivani, 2008; Gamaley et al., 2006). Large amount of humus produced by earthworm’s activity also contributed for the higher productivity in rice crop (Atiyeh et al., 2002).

5. CONCLUSION:

From the present study it can be concluded that the vermiwash with bio-pesticide is the better option of the chemical fertilizer and pesticides for the management of Leptocoryza varicornis as well as productivity of rice crop. Since vermiwash is mild biopesticides and plant allelochemicals in their combination shows synergistic effect reduce the Leptocoryza varicornis population which ultimately enhances the productivity. Thus it could be suggested that these bio-products are boon for the farmers.

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Received on 25.08.2015 Modified on 21.09.2015

Research J. Science and Tech. 7(4):Oct. – Dec. 2015; Page 205-211

DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2015.00029.7